DC Motor Control Circuit 直流电机控制电路

A power reversing circuit is used to control which direction a DC motor turns. Power reversing circuits are incredibly versatile and can be used for a wide variety of applications. For instance, power reversing circuits can be used to control simple devices such as a winch; however, if you have two or more power reversing circuits you can control advanced robotic devices such as a battle-bots. In the field of electrical engineering power reversing circuits are also commonly referred to as an “H-Bridge”. This is because the most basic H-Bridge design contains four switching element, with the load at the centre, and create an H-like configuration.

直流电机控制电路用于控制直流电机的方向。直流电机控制电路用途广泛，如控制绞车等简单设备；然而，如果有两个或更多的直流电机控制电路，可以控制先进的机器人设备，如战斗机器人。在电子工程领域，直流电机控制电路通常也被称为“H桥”。这是因为最基本的H桥设计包含四个开关元件，负载位于中心，并创建了一个类似H的配置。

H-Bridge H桥
A simple circuit that lets you control which direction a DC motor turns.
一个简单的电路，可以控制直流电机方向。

*A simple H-Bridge using 4 switches.* *The flow of electricity is marked with arrows.*
有4个开关的简单H桥。电流用箭头标出。

More advanced H-Bridge designs build on this simple circuit design. A slightly more efficient design compared to the example shown above will replace the 4 one way switches with 2 SPDT (single pole double throw) switches, or with 1 DPDT (double through double pole) switch. However, the most popular H-bridge design uses transistors (as shown below) and can be controlled using a simple control circuit or computerized microcontroller.

更先进的H桥设计建立在这个简单的电路设计之上。与上述示例相比，更有效的设计将用2个SPDT（单刀双掷）开关或1个DPDT（双刀双掷）开关替换4个单向开关。然而，最流行的H桥设计使用晶体管（如下所示），并且可以使用简单的控制电路或计算机化微控制器进行控制。

H-Bridge Designs Using Transistors 使用晶体管的H桥设计

[***NOTE:*** *although the circuit can work using only transistors, diodes are usually added to protect the transistors from power surges that are caused by the motor].*
[注：尽管电路只能使用晶体管工作，但通常会添加二极管以保护晶体管免受电机引起的功率浪涌的影响]。

There are numerous ways to build H-Bridge circuits, and each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Some designs will only provide forward and reverse functionality, while others will circuit designs may also provide the option of a neutral state. Furthermore, while some circuits must to be manually controlled by an operator, others can be controlled using an a programable microcontroller. The video below shows how an a diode based H-bridge design operates. This particular design could be controlled using either a microprocessor or a simple 3-way switch.

构建H桥电路的方法有很多，每种方法都有各自的优缺点。一些只提供正向和反向，而其他设计也将具有中性状态。有些设计需要由操作员控制，而其他设计则可以使用微处理器的输入信号进行控制。下面的视频显示了基于二极管的H桥设计是如何工作的。这种特殊的设计可以使用微处理器或简单的三路开关进行控制。

A simulation of how electrons flow through an H-Bridge circuit that uses diode.
电子如何流过使用二极管的H桥电路的模拟。

We have designed a number of H-Bridge variations that you attempt on your own or in groups. Each of the provided designs ranges in complexity and functionality, and you may want to attempt building more than one design so that you can compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of each design approach.

我们设计了许多H桥电路相关项目，这些设计的复杂性和功能性各不相同。可以先尝试单独或小组进行几个设计，以便比较和对比每种设计方法的优缺点。