Searching The Internet Effectively
For most people searching the internet is a regular part of everyday life. However, do we really think about what we are doing when we search for a topic, or are we just simply typing in a word or phrase into a search engine and then selecting the first result we get? Are we getting good information from our internet search or are we accepting any information we find?
对大多数人来说，上网搜索是日常生活的一部分。然而，当我们搜索一个主题时，我们有在认真对待，还是只是简单地在搜索引擎中输入一个单词或短语，然后选择我们得到的第一个结果？我们是否从互联网搜索中获得了优质的信息，或者只是接受了搜索的任何信息？
Not everything posted online is correct. In fact a lot of the information online is not reliable. Since anyone can post information online many postings may contain inaccurate or false information. We need to determine if the information we find is from a reliable source. Therefore, as students we need to learn how to assess the quality of a website and the information on it.
并非所有网上的内容都是准确的，其中很多信息都是不可靠的。由于任何人都可以在线发布信息，许多帖子可能包含了不准确或虚假的信息。我们需要确定我们找到的信息来源是否可靠。因此，作为学生，我们需要学习如何评估网站的质量和网站上的信息。
NOT ALL OF THE INFORMATION ONLINE IS GOOD!
ALWAYS ASSESS THE INFORMATION YOU READ.
并不是所有的在线信息都是好的！
始终评估搜索信息。
There are many strategies we can use to improve our internet searches in order to save time, and to improve our chances of finding the most relevant information. Using Boolean Logic, an internet search strategy, we are able to improve the quality of our search results. Just like an Online Library Catalog advanced search function, Boolean Logic allows us to improve our internet searches by using logic statements with any search engine online such as Google, Bing, Baidu etc.
我们可以使用许多策略在一定时间内提高搜索找到最相关的信息。布尔逻辑就是其中一个。就像在线图书馆目录高级搜索功能一样，布尔逻辑允许我们通过对任何在线搜索引擎（如谷歌、必应、百度等）使用逻辑语句来改进我们的互联网搜索。
But what is Boolean logic and how can it alter our search results? Why will we get different results even when the same words in different ways in our search query? Take a look at the following search phrases that you might use when doing research for a World History project.
什么是布尔逻辑？它如何改变我们的搜索结果？为什么以相同的词不同的方式搜索会得到不同的结果？看下例世界历史的相关搜索词：
Kings and Queens
Kings AND Queens
“Kings” AND “Queens”
Are these the same? Will you get the same search or different results? What do you think the differences are between these three (3) nearly identical search queries that use the exact same words? Try these three (3) searches by yourself and have a short discuss about your observations relating to your search results.
这些是一样的吗？你会得到相同的搜索结果还是不同的结果？相似的搜索词和相同的搜索词得到的搜索结果有什么区别吗？尝试搜索以上词并讨论一下搜索的结果。
Boolean Logic 布尔逻辑
How you phrase a search is very important. The slightest change in how you phrase your search could result in a completely different set of results. In general, search engines use words to match your search with possible results, but how you phrase your search also has an effect on the results you will get.
搜索词的输入非常重要。对搜索语的细微改变都可能会产生完全不同的结果。一般来说，搜索引擎使关键词将搜索结果与可能的结果相匹配，但搜索词也会影响将获得的结果。
Think About This: In English class you have probably learnt about the singular and plural form of a noun. Will you get different results if you use the singular or plural form of a noun in your search?
想想看：在英语课上，你已经学了名词的单数和复数形式。如果在搜索中使用名词的单数或复数形式，会得到不同的结果吗？
What did you think? Did you say it would have no difference to your search, or did you think it would make a difference? If you said it would make a difference then you are correct, but why do you think this will make a difference?
你认为单复数对搜索结果有影响吗？是的，结果是不一样的，那为什么呢？
A search engine will search the internet for similarities between the key word or phrase with information that matches. Since the singular form of a word is the root word of its plural form, using the singular form of the word will result in matches for both the singular and plural form of the word. In other words, you will get fewer results when using the plural form of a word.
搜索引擎将在互联网上搜索关键字与匹配信息之间的相似性。由于单词的单数形式是其复数形式的词根，因此使用单词的单数形式将导致单词的单数形式和复数形式匹配。换句话说，当你使用一个词的复数形式时，你会得到更少的结果。
Notice that the word “King” is the root word of “Kings”, therefore searching for the word “King” will give you search results for both “King” and “Kings”.
请注意，单词“King”是“Kings”的词根，因此搜索单词“King”将得到“King”和“Kings”的搜索结果。
But what other techniques can we use to improve our search results? Boolean Logic uses Logic Statements to create well-defined search parameters designed to improve internet search results. Let’s take a look at a few ways Boolean logic can be used to create better search queries.
我们还可以使用哪些其他技术来改进搜索结果呢？布尔逻辑使用逻辑语句创建定义良好的搜索参数，以改进搜索结果。让我们看看布尔逻辑可以用来创建更好的搜索查询的几种方法。
Search Examples using Boolean Logic 使用布尔逻辑搜索例证
| Logic | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| Quotation Marks 引号 “______” | Words are searched as a phrase, in the exact order you type them. Searching for “Kings and Queens” in quotation marks is different than just typing Kings and Queens without quotation marks. When no quotation marks are used you will get search results about “Kings” and you will also get search results about “Queens”. | 按照输入的单词顺序进行搜索。 在引号中搜索“Kings and Queen”与输入不带引号的Kings and Queen不同。当没有使用引号时，将得到关于“Kings”的搜索结果，还将得到关于“Queens”的搜索结果。 |
Excluding 排除 word – “phrase in quotes” | Specific search queries are made by excluding unwanted information. The “Exclude” or “-” command allows you to eliminate unwanted search results. This makes it much easier to find information you want. For example you may want to find information on “Kings and Queens” throughout history; however you may not want information about “English Kings and Queens” because you are doing a project on France. To use the Exclude command you would type your search as follows: “Kings and Queens” -England | 排除不想要的信息得到具体的搜索查询。 “排除”或“-”命令允许消除不需要的搜索结果，这使你更容易找到所需的信息。例如，你可能想搜索关于历史上“Kings and Queens”的信息；然而，你可能不想要关于“English Kings and Queens”的信息，因为你正 在做的是一个关于法国的项目。 按照以下来输入搜索信息： “Kings and Queens” -England |
| OR 或 allows more than one term 更多关键词 | Search results will include greater topic diversity. The OR command allows you broaden or expand your search to include two different topics. If the OR command is used to make an internet search, results will include information on either “Kings” or “Queens”. Kings OR Queens | 搜索结果多样化。 OR命令允许扩展搜索范围，包括两个不同的主题。如果使用OR命令进行互联网搜索，搜索结果将包含“Kings”或“Queens”的信息。 Kings OR Queens |
AND 和 (default) AND NOT | The search results will be more specific. The “AND” command allows you to search for two topics. This is different than a search phrase using the word “and”. This command allows you to improve your search just like the Library Catalog advanced search option. The “AND NOT” command does the opposite and will limit your search results. Kings AND England Kings AND NOT Englad | 搜索结果更具体。 “AND”命令允许您搜索两个主题。这与使用“and”一词的搜索短语不同。此命令允许您改进搜索，就像库目录高级搜索选项一样。“AND NOT”命令的作用正好相反，它将限制您的搜索结果 Kings AND England Kings AND NOT Englad |
| () parentheses: “Nesting” 括号 | Very specific searches can be created using a combination of Logic Statements. “Nesting” logic statements allow you to create complex search queries by combining any number of logic statements into a compound (complex) search statement. However, “Nesting” statements can become so complex that they can eliminate all potentially relevant search results. (“Kings and Queens” AND “England”) -Lancaster | 利用逻辑语句组合创建具体的搜索 “嵌套”逻辑语句允许通过将任意数量的逻辑语句组合成复合（复杂）搜索语句来创建复杂的搜索查询。然而，“嵌套”语句可能变得非常复杂，以至于它们可以消除所有可能相关的搜索结果。 (“Kings and Queens” AND “England”) -Lancaster |
Assignment:
In this activity you will find a website that you could use for a research project assigned in other classes. The website should be a useful resource that will help you to complete a project in either an English, Math, Science, or Art class. Using the following question, assess the quality of the website that you found. After answering the questions in each section write a brief description of your thoughts based on the questions in each section.
What is the URL of the website:
What is the title of the website:
Purpose of the web-site
1. Is the information on the website neutral and free of biases. Are both sides of the story described or is the information one-sided or biased? Can you tell if the information is based on facts or is it an individual’s opinion?
2. Is the site free of advertising? If there are ads, is it easy to tell the difference between ads and content?
3. Is the site sponsored by a reputable organization such as a university or government? Dose the website’s domain name have an .edu, .net, .org, or .gov?
4. Is it clear who the site is for? (for example, college students or young children)
5. Is the site open to everyone? (no age requirements, fees, passwords, or registration)
Add details to explain:
Trustworthiness of the author
6. Was this site recommended by a trusted source such as a teacher or another trusted site?
7. Is the author identified by name, and are the author’s credentials provided?
8. Can the author be contacted if you have questions? (by email, street address, or phone number)
9. Has a biography of the author been provided, and if so does the author have credentials related to the subject that they are writing about? Has the author or site received any respected awards?
10. Are sources given for statistics?
Add details to explain:
Quality of the information provide by the web-site
11. Does the site have enough information for your research?
12. Is the information on the site useful for your research, or is the information too basic or complex for your specific needs?
13. Is the site free of spelling and grammatical errors?
14. Can you find the date the article or website was published, or when the website was last revised?
15. Are links clearly labeled and do all of the links go to active pages? (no dead links)
Add details to explain:
Ease of use
16. Does the website use a font that is easy to read?
17. Do the titles and headings give a clear idea of the content?
18. Are there photos, maps, charts, or other illustrations that help you understand the information?
19. Is there a site map, or a tool for searching the site?
20. Is there a “what’s new” feature?
Add details to explain:
Website Assessment:
How many times did you select YES? ______ out of a total of 20
Now Score the web-site you selected!
15 – 20: You can trust the information on your site, and it’s easy to use, too!
10 – 14: Be sure to check the facts on another site that you can trust.
0 – 9: This website is not a good source of information.
Would you recommend this website? Why or why not?
| English | Pinyin | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| Boolean Logic | Bù’ěr luójí | 布尔逻辑 |
| Excluding | páichú | 排除 |
| Logic Statements | yǒu luójí de chénshù | 有逻辑的陈述 |
| Nesting Statements | yǒu céngcì de chénshù | 有层次的陈述 |
| Noun | míngcí | 名词 |
| Noun (Plural Form) | míngcí (fùshù xíngshì) | 名词（复数形式） |
| Noun (Singular Form) | míngcí (dānshù xíngshì) | 名词（单数形式） |
| Parentheses | guāhào | 括号 |
| Quotation Marks | shuāng yǐnhào | 双引号 |
| Root Word | cígēn | 词根 |
| Search Engine (s) | sōusuǒ yǐnqíng | 搜索引擎 |
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